Bachelor’s degree in History from Universidade Central da Venezuela; Master’s degree in Venezuelan History from Universidade Católica Andrés Bello; Doctorate in Bolivarian Thought from Universidade Bolivariana da Venezuela. Associate Professor (retired) at UBV; currently pursuing a Master’s degree in Social Sciences and Humanities (CLACSO – Universidade Nacional de Quilmes) and a Doctorate in History (UCV).